We don't know exactly because it’s difficult to study—you can’t induce
déjà vu in most people.
But scientists have theories. It may be a
memory error: An experience triggers a memory, but the brain can’t
retrieve it. When that happens, your brain fails to distinguish the past
from the present, leaving you with an odd feeling of familiarity.
Another theory holds that two parts of the brain perceive an experience
at the same time. If information arrives slightly faster to one part, a
person can feel like they’re having the same experience twice.
However, a
group of scientists from the U.K., France, and Canada think another
cause could be anxiety. They recently studied the bizarre case of a
23-year-old man with chronic déjà vu and found in one instance that
the more distressed he became by the endless loop of déjà vu
experiences, the worse they got. But you’ve probably heard that before.
We play mind games all the time: puzzles, board games, mental math tables, etc.
But most people do not realize that their own mind plays games on them. We may be aware of the mind game consciously when we hear a noise in the dark and the mind flashes to an intruder, or a banging shutter. But the mind can also play subconscious tricks on you.
Some psychologists believe that the subconscious mind tricks as a defensive or coping mechanism. For example, past hurtful experiences may be housed in a section of the brain that is triggered under similar circumstances. When a shy person sees a person that is attractive, his subconscious mind triggers a hurtful memory of rejection so the shy person never attempts to say hello to the attractive lady. This sets off another reaction in the conscious mind of guilt, remorse, loneliness and shame. But a person usually can cope, in reality hide, with their internal demons than a public display of rejection that puts a cloud of group judgment on themselves.
Deja vu could also be the mental process in which to solve problems. In third grade, you did math tables. As an adult, you are trying to split a $36 bar tab three ways. You access that math table in an instant to figure out the share sums. You may not mentally flash to the third grade chalkboard, but the subconscious mind does that for you.
The whole concept of LOST's flash backs and flash forwards could have been incorporated into mental experiments by scientists trying to figure out the brain functions that trigger deja vu memory recall.