SHARED MEMORIES

One of the theories in LOST is that the main characters had some sort of "shared memory" even though they were strangers. Sci-fi aspects of this theory speculated that could have been done as a metaphor for a on-line game world, connected series of mental patient fantasies, or some mental/drug induced brain washing experiment.

But researchers are trying to implant memories into living beings.

Vulcan mind-melts and magic wands or hypnotism are ways in which people share memories in fictional films and TV shows.

But such fantastical ideas could soon become a reality, using electrodes implanted in the brain.

Neuroscientists have already begun trying implants that boost memory loss, and in the future they believe these implants could be used to replicate memories in the brains of others.

Research teams from the University of Southern California and University of Pennsylvania have been testing the technology on epilepsy patients.  These patients already have electrodes implanted in their brains, which means the experts didn't need to insert the prostheses in new patients through risky brain surgery.

The research centers on the hippocampus, a seahorse-shaped part of the brain associated with the formation of memories. The hippocampus gathers sensory information that is then transformed into short-term memories, between 15 and 30 seconds.  These can then form more lasting memories, but only if they are accessed while the hippocampus is storing them. This seems to be the portal for long term memory creation.

People with significant memory deficits typically have a damaged hippocampus. Scientists are trying to restore memory loss to patients with a damaged memory center.

The USC team, led by brain implants expert Ted Berger, was interested in two particular areas of the hippocampus, called CA3 and CA1. Researchers thought that an electrical signal travelling from CA3 to CA1 was key to memory formation. Therefore, they tried to recreate a similar signal in order to restore the hippocampus' functionality. To do this, the researchers monitored the brain of 12 epilepsy patients performing a memory exercise that included memorising pictures to see how CA3 and CA1 interacted.

Eventually, they developed a mathematical model to predict the pattern of the signal CA3 would fire to CA1. The predictions were correct 80 per cent of the time. The USC team's idea is that brain implants could provide electrical stimulation resembling that key CA3 signal to improve memory in patients with hippocampus damage. 

Once scientists can create a connection to the hippocampus, and send signals that the patient can understand and remember, it is a logical conclusion that the signals can be enhanced to the point of adding visual and audio information. It would be like a direct imput of a VR movie straight into your memory banks.

The odd thing is that your brain will not realize that this is not "a real, personal memory."  And that is why LOST theorists think the complexity of the brain in creating real memories caused many continuity errors in the series because the "forced" new memories did not take or conflicted with real events.

PATHWAYS TO MEMORY

One drink often leads to two—and sometimes a whole lot more. Contrary to popular belief, this is not due to faulty willpower or lowered inhibitions, but rather a population of neurons in the vast neural substrate of your brain. That's what scientists at Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine say they have discovered. They say alcohol changes the physical structure of certain neurons, creating a greater sensitivity to alcohol and a craving for more. 

This finding, published in the Journal of Neuroscience, could have major implications for the future treatment of alcoholism.

Using an animal model, researchers were able to distinguish between two types of dopamine receptors in the neurons, known as D1 and D2.  Both types of neurons play a role in behavior and motivation. D1 is the “go” receptor, and D2 is the “halt” receptor. While it has been known for a long time that dopamine is involved in addiction, this study allowed researchers to see that D1 neurons become “excited” after periodic consumption of large amounts of alcohol, causing the brain to crave another drink to maintain that level of neural excitement. “If you drink alcohol, your brain will be changed in a way that makes you want to drink more,” says Dr. Jun Wang, lead researcher on the study.

Neurons are built like trees, with multiple "branches,” and on those branches are “spines”—the method by which neurons connect with one another. Dr. Wang tells mental floss, “After alcohol consumption we found that neurons have grown more branches, and more spines.” This means drinking large quantities of alcohol literally increases your brain’s tolerance of, and desire for, more alcohol. 

What’s especially interesting is how alcohol changes or “matures” the shape of the neural spines from a type known as “long-thin” to “mushroom” shaped, the latter of which store long-term memory. While it may seem counter-intuitive that drinking more alcohol improves your memory, Dr. Wang says that it promotes a strengthened context-based memory. “It may not change your memory so that you will remember something better than other people; these memories will be associated with alcohol drinking specifically," he says. "If someone drinks alcohol in a bar, for example, he may remember that bar’s specific location better than someone else.” And the brain will also remember the amount of alcohol consumed and desire more of it.

In fact, when given a choice, the alcohol-consuming animals who had grown increased mushroom-shaped spines in their D1 neurons showed a greater preference for larger quantities of alcohol. 
Bolstered by this information, the researchers then instilled an alcohol agonist—a drug that combines with the alcohol in the neuron’s receptors to reduce the excitability, and thus the craving. Rather than using an injection into the blood stream that would be delivered more diffusely all over the body, they injected the agonist directly into the brains of the animals to target the D1 neurons as specifically as possible. “We did observe a reduction in alcohol consumption,” says Dr. Wang. “It suggests that in the future we can target the D1 neurons and suppress alcohol consumption.”

This recent study shows how complex the human bio-organic systems are in relation to our perceived knowledge of them. The idea that neuron chains linked to alcohol consumption create branches of neuron chains to create a "memory" to reinforce the desire for more alcohol is one of those common sense face palms that science throws at us.

I once knew a medical doctor who 35 years ago claimed that the high incidents of childhood misbehavior could be linked to over-consumption of sugars by kids. His conclusion was based on his observation that people are actually addicted to things that they are allergic to . . . a chain of negative consequences from desired consumption. It was hard to get the logic around why a human body would crave things that are harmful to it. But this new alcohol study sheds some light on that organic paradox.

If experience creates pathways to memories, good or bad, and the deeper or emotional those experiences are then we can conclude that those memories will remain stronger and longer. So something dangerous, harmful or unusual could lead to strong memories - - - and then a corresponding desire to repeat the dangerous, harmful or unusual behavior in order to get a "positive" brain matrix. This is why even addicts who realize they are killing themselves continue to abuse themselves because there is a strong, organic "positive" memory associated with their excessive behavior.